Genus lingula diet plan Brachiopods are superficially similar to bivalves, both having two shells. Basiliolella grayi (Woodward, 1855) Basiliolella colurnus (Hedley, 1905) Genus Basiliola Dall, 1908. We assign all the specimens of Lingulafound in the Miocene of Poland to L. They continue to represent them in sandy coastal seafloors from the West African coast to Australia ( Emig 2008 ). I have about a dozen specimens of Lingula from the Craigleith/Collingwood area in my collection, and have previously identified them as Lingula cobourgensis ba Genus Acanthobasiliola Zezina, 1981. The Craniiformea have one family, the Craniidae, with four genera: Craniscus , Neoancistrocrania , Neocrania , and Valdiviathyris . , Hammond and Poiner, 1984 ; but see Emig, 2003 for a different view). . Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. anatina is a filter feeder that uses a lophophore to extract food from water. , available online at http://biodiversitylibrary. Australian Biological Resources Study. (1933) New Coloradoan species from the Upper Peace River, British Columbia, Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 27, 109-119 It does not appear that these early representatives could burrow as well as the extant genus Lingula. Unlike clams and mussels, brachiopod shells are on t Sep 1, 2013 · The results showed that there is one type of Brachiopods, namely the genus Lingula (Bruguière 1791), species Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 which are scattered on the north coast of Aceh. Brachiopoda –– 1. The first descriptions of Lingula were made from then extant specimens by three famous French scientists: BRUGUIÈRE, CUVIER, and LAMARCK. in the genus Lingula has two statocysts; this is a burrowing species, therefore these structures might help with body orientation in the substrate [35] Adult articulates' "brain" is made up of two ganglia: one above and one below the oesophagus. Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Series 4. Overall Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. The genus Lingula was created in 1791 (not 1797) Lingulata is a class of brachiopods, among the oldest of all brachiopods having existed since the Cambrian period (). Lingula oeeurs in the New Zealand Cenozoie in horizons of Paleoeene, Eoeene, Oligoeene and Mioeene age. 2017) as well as Top; Atlas; Geology; Funding for development and construction of this webpage was provided by the National Science Foundation (EF-1206757, EF-1206769, and EF-1206750). The pedicles of Lingula are a delicacy in some countries and are known as ‘lamp shells’ In the Silurian rocks of Shropshire, unusually preserved Pentamerus oblongus brachiopods have led to the rock in which they occur being called ‘government rock BETA TEST - Fossil data and pages are very much experimental and under development. Lingula anatina, the living inarticulate brachiopoda has been reported in the present paper from the intertidal belt of Subarnarekha estuary at the confluence of Bay of Bengal. Like others in its genus, L. d’Orbigny 1847; Davidson 1852; Lundgren 1885), but as noted by Biernat and Emig (), among others, most fossil lingulid species have been defined on the basis of only a limited number of vague external shell characters and usually referred to the genus ‘Lingula’ in a Diet: suspension feeder (based on Lingulidae) Taphonomy: phosphatic (based on Lingulida) Primary Reference (PBDB) J. D. [1] Lingula is a good example of a living fossil. The Pennsylvanian Atlas of Ancient Life is one component of the overarching Digital Atlas of Ancient Life project. anatina, its type species. The genus Lingula being the oldest of all living genera is considered as living fossil which reveals an ancient lineage to Pre- Cambrian period. distribution. Many species are deep water specialists, though some species such as the burrow living Lingula sp. 舌形貝屬（學名： Lingula ）是舌形貝科下的一個屬，俗名海豆芽，模式種是鴨嘴海豆芽（ Lingula anatina ）。 舌形貝屬 動物 早在 寒武紀 中期就已存在 [ 1 ] 。 May 15, 2009 · Cretaceous lingulid brachiopods have been described from many parts of the world since the mid-nineteenth century (e. Aug 27, 2022 · Where are Lingula fossils found? A modern genus, Lingula, is found in normal marine environments but is most common in muddy, brackish water that is poor in oxygen and generally unsuited to most organisms. Brachiopoda modern memiliki ukuran cangkang rata-rata dari 5mm hingga 8 cm. This genus differs from the genus Lingula by the presence of septums in the internal valve faces and papillas in the mantle. Bivalves –– 1. Members of the phylum Brachiopoda are gonochoric. D) is representing the dissimilar color of the shells, Feb 2, 2025 · 舌形贝属（学名： Lingula ）是舌形贝科下的一个属，俗名海豆芽，模式种是鸭嘴海豆芽（ Lingula anatina ）。 舌形贝属 动物 早在 寒武纪 中期就已存在 [ 1 ] 。 Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In the __________, the reproductive cycle entails alternation of generations; a spore-producing generation alternates with one that produces eggs and sperm. The genus Lingulella is a fossil form known from the Cambrian and was similar in appearance and structure to the modern Lingula. dregeri. Introduction to the Lingulata Proof that Lingula (Brachiopoda) is not a living-fossil, and emended diagnoses of the Family Lingulidae A paper that argues that genus Lingula is not as old as most think. 100 figs. Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses place Lingula On the history of the names Lingula, anatina, and on the confusion of the forms assigned them among the Brachiopoda Christian C. p. May 1, 2003 · Lingula is often considered a "living-fossil" based on its supposed lengthy morphological conservatism owing to its absence of evolution, and its remarkable survival for more than 550 M. 2 days ago · Taxonomy While L. References [edit] Today, this small group of bivalves includes the living genus Lingula, but during the Paleozoic Era, this groups was very common in the world's oceans. Y. Here we decode the 425-Mb genome of Lingula anatina to gain insights into brachiopod evolution. 2 Genus Composita; Filter feeders (planktonic diet) that lived on sand and gravel. Lingula. S. The inarticulated brachiopods Jun 1, 2010 · This terminology dates back to Darwin's work, which coined the term “living fossils”, and includes the genus Lingula as one of its examples (Emig, 2008). Brachiopods are easily distinguished from molluscs Lingulidae with two genera, Lingula and Glottidia ; and the Discinidae with four extant genera, Discina , Discinisca , Dis-cradisca, and Pelagodiscus . Their valves appear to be slightly more convex than in other spe− cies of Lingula and closely resemble the Recent L. , The modern "sand dollar" that lives along sandy beaches is part of the echinoderm group called, Regarding the phylogeny of Nannippus, the first Nannippus species (unnamed) gave rise DIRECTLY to and more. The lingulids are useful fossils for the environmental information Genus Favosites (honeycomb coral) Name Origin: Dubbed as the honeycomb coral due to its appearance, comes from the Latin word "favus". Jenis ini ditemukan pada batuan Lower Cambrian dengan kisaran umur 550 juta tahun yang lalu. 4 Brachiopod PreservationAbove image: Kunstformen der Natur (1904), plate 97: Spirobranchia by Ernst Haeckel; source: Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain). [1] Sep 25, 2024 · This study explores Lingula’s ecological role, its significance in marine biodiversity, and its economic importance in coastal communities. Like all brachiopods, it is a filter feeder. The mantle papillae that are characteristic of this genus occur along the main mantle canals. It Dana J. the specimens must be referred to the genus Lingula. The genus Lingula was created in 1791 (not 1797) by Bruguière and in 1801 Lamarck named the first species L. 1 Genus Atrypa; 1. Meaning of lingula. Oct 1, 2017 · The results showed that there is one type of Brachiopods, namely the genus Lingula (Bruguière 1791), species Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 which are scattered on the north coast of Aceh. They are also among the most morphologically conservative of the brachiopods, having lasted from their earliest appearance to the present with very little change in shape. Articulates (class Articulata) make up 95% of the known brachiopod genera. Lingula is known to have existed since the early Ordovician period. Apr 8, 2017 · Brachiopoda dari Klas Inarticulata ; Genus Lingula merupakan penciri dari jenis brachiopoda yang paling tua, yaitu Lower Cambrian. Lingula is known to have existed possibly since the Cambrian. Seven specimens of Lingula sp. The Inarticulata (with about 45 species) appeared first in the fossil record at the beginning of the Cambrian; these were followed by the Articulata (290+ species). Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Brachiopoda Class: Lingulata Order: Linguilida Family: Linguilidae Genus: Lingula Species: L. from the Late Cretaceous of Mielnik (eastem Poland) have been studied for comparative purposes (Table 3). [1] Lingula is a good example of a living fossil. Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. Some species may also be chemoreceptive via their tentacles or mantle edges. Available for editors Mar 5, 2020 · Tongue Shell or Lamp shell (Lingula unguis) Brachiopods live in all parts of the sea, mostly as sessile animals attached to the substrate by a fleshy or horny pedicel. The genus Lingula The single septum (dividing wall) in the dorsal valve reaches about 25–30% of the valve length and the two divergent septa in the ventral valve about 30–38%. Pl 1, fig 1: 2000 Lingula Williams et al. Geography. The extant genus Lingula shows minimal change from Ordovician fossils and are considered "living fossils". Lingula is a genus of brachiopods in the class Lingulata. 1 Genus Lingula; 1. Like Definition of lingula in the Definitions. Genus Rhytirhynchia Cooper, 1957. Forms very similar to that genus appeared during the Ordovician period and Lingula continues to the present day. inarticulates resembling the living genus Lingula use one end of a continuously growing stalk-like pedicle to anchor the body to the bottom of burrows on the sea floor. The genus Lingula was created in 1791 by Jean Guillaume Bruguière. The term Brachiopod is derived from the Ancient Greek words’ brachion,’ meaning arm, and ‘podos,’ meaning foot. Brachiopods A three-dimensional, negative imprint of a fossil organic structure is called Lingula is a genus of brachiopods in the class Lingulata. Campbell. 108067). Working with others to conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the Lingula anatina. 111 References Warren P. They Oct 7, 2024 · Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. d-g, an articulate Aug 20, 2007 · The hemerythrin in extant Lingula has an oxygen equilibrium that is reversibly altered by pH changes (Manwell, 1960), which means that Lingula can store more oxygen when environments tend to be acidic, as would have been the case in the sea during the PTB period (Knoll et al. References. Simpson (1953) used it as a classic example for bradytelic evolution and the genus is often considered to be a ‘living fossil’ (e. : viii + 432 pp. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003) Communication Channels The genus Lingula is known, virtually unchanged, from fossils extending back at least 400 million years, making it the oldest known animal genus. Thuy Trieu Lagoon is located on the south-central coast of Vietnam, 1. Lingulepis, a related genus more or less restricted to the Late Cambrian, differs from other lingulids in appearance; it is more teardrop in form. tumidula Reeve, 1841. BETA TEST - Fossil data and pages are very much experimental and under development. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like _____ absorb most of their food from dead organisms. Taxonomy. Like its relatives, it has two unadorned organo-phosphatic valves and a long fleshy stalk. This conclusion is based on the typical apparently unchanged "linguliform" shape of the shell. Lingula differs markedly from earlier forms in the nature of the posterior of the valves, and most obviously in the major reduction May 20, 2016 · The geographic population patterns of Lingula anatina across the Indo-West Pacific region are analyzed based on mitochondrial COI and nuclear EF-1α gene sequences. Lingula subspatulata Warren p. Pl 1, fig 2: 1990 Lingulipora zhexiensis Liang p. Because our specimens are juveniles and some are broken we cannot Oct 19, 2017 · The chapter covers their life cycle, ecology, and general morphology. It punctate shell substance - the feature characteristic of the genus Lingulipora (Baliflski 1985; Table 1). 1. , 1996). EMIG 1 Abstract: The first descriptions of Lingula were made from then extant specimens by three famous French scientists: BRUGUIÈRE, CUVIER, and LAMARCK. Please report any problems The evolutionary origins of lingulid brachiopods and their calcium phosphate shells have been obscure. This naming refers to the brachia or arms of the lophophore found in these animals. a-c, an inarticulate brachiopod, Lingula; a, in feeding position at the mouth of its burrow; b, slit-like opening of the burrow (the arrows indicate the incurrent and excurrent flow of water); c, a fossil Lingula. live in relatively shallow coastal waters. Lamy & Andre (1941) and Rowell (1964) point out this issue an conclude that Lingula Lingula Bruguiére: 1911 Lingula Raymond: 1990 Lingula foliaceusa Liang p. This is the first record of the genus Lingula Bruguière from the Miocene of Genus: Laima: Lingula: Species: anatina: ovata: Related web resources: eElurikkus Naturforskaren GeoCASe OpenUp! Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is May 1, 2007 · The genus Lingula Bruguière, one of the two extant representatives of the lingulides, is very rare in the fossil record. Descriptions of fossil shells of the collections of the exploring expedition under the command of Charles Wilkes, USN, obtained in Australia, from the lower layers of the coal formation in Illawarra, and from a deposit probably of nearly the same age at Harper's Hill, Valley of the Hunter, American Journal of Science and Arts, Second Series 4, 151-160 Sep 18, 2015 · The evolutionary origins of lingulid brachiopods and their calcium phosphate shells have been obscure. By examining its unique evolutionary adaptations and long-standing presence in marine ecosystems, the research highlights the necessity of conserving Lingula as a vital component of marine heritage. Rhytirhynchia sladeni (Dall, 1910) Genus Basiliolella d'Hondt, 1987. In one species of genus Lingula, a pair of statocysts is present; as a burrowing species, these structures may aid in orienting the body in the substrate. (Ref. Taxonomy While L. Description and biology Shell shape is oval-ovate with a glossy shell. The genus Lingula (Bruguiere, 1797) is traditionally considered very abcient, first appearing during the Ordovician period (but not the early Cambrian, although earlier related forms date back that far). This The genus Lingulella is a fossil form known from the Cambrian and was similar in appearance and structure to the modern Lingula. The shells of the Glottidia species is in general more elongate in shape (Emig, 1983). Lingula lives in burrows in barren sandy coastal seafloor and feeds by filtering detritus from the water. 149 舌形贝綱（学名：Lingulata）是腕足動物門 舌形貝型亞門下的一綱，是現存最古老的腕足動物類群之一，自寒武紀以來存在至今。 。牠們也是形態上演化地最保守的腕足動物之一，其外殼在漫長的演化史上幾乎沒有顯著的外觀變化，如今在日本周圍海域發現的活體樣本與寒武紀的化石標本擁有幾乎 Composita is an extinct brachiopod genus that lived from the Late Devonian to the Late Permian. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 17(1):9-16 Oct 1, 2022 · Lingula, the type genus of the family, has been famous since Darwin (1859) noted that it showed little morphological change since the Silurian. Acanthobasiliola doederleini (Davidson, 1886) Subfamily Basiliolinae Cooper, 1959. Lamy & Andre (1941) and Rowell (1964) point out this issue an conclude that Lingula Jun 1, 2017 · Lingula, which is known as tailed mussel, is a brachiopod genus of the family Lingulidae and regarded as one of the most primitive genera in brachiopods (Luo et al 2015a). [1] Composita had a cosmopolitan global distribution, having lived on every continent except Antarctica. Compared with the remarkable morphological stasis, genetic evidence of extant Lingula species displays deep genetic divergence. 3 Brachiopod Paleoecology –– 1. TSN: 156762. org/page/14117719 [details] Keywords: Lampshell, lingula, reproductive biology 1. punctate shell substance - the feature characteristic of the genus Lingulipora (Baliflski 1985; Table 1). [1] [2] Composita had a smooth shell with a more or less distinct fold and sulcus and a round opening for the pedicle on the pedicle valve. Class Articulata. As such, lingulids had advantages to obtain and store more Apr 11, 2013 · Brachiopoda dari Klas Inarticulata ; Genus Lingula merupakan penciri dari jenis brachiopoda yang paling tua, yaitu Lower Cambrian. 1456) Genus. Actualism The notion that fundamental physical principles operating today have done so throughout Earth's History. Occurs in and burrows in sandy silt sparsely covered with seaweeds (Ref. Non-punctate specimens were identified as Lingula s. Lingula is primarily an Indo-Pacific genus and is harvested for human consumption in Japan and Australia. Other articles where Lingula is discussed: evolution: Gradual and punctuational evolution: …fossils”—for instance, the lamp shell Lingula, a genus of brachiopod (a phylum of shelled invertebrates) that appears to have remained essentially unchanged since the Ordovician Period, some 450 million years ago; or the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), a reptile that has shown little morphological The Biodiversity Heritage Library works collaboratively to make biodiversity literature openly available to the world as part of a global biodiversity community. May 1, 2003 · The brachiopod Lingula dregeri Andreae, 1893 has been found in the Middle Miocene of southwestern France, at Salles. 1987. 6. They are all filter feeders, with a Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like genus lingula, genus atrypa, genus composita and more. Genus Lingula Class Articulata Genus Atrypa Genus Composita Genus Juresania* Genus Leptaena Genus Mucrospirifer Genus Platystrophia Genus Ranesquina Order Rhynchonellida MOLLUSKS (Phylum Mollusca) Class Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels) Genus Exogyra Genus Gryphaea Genus Pecten Genus Glycymeris Genus Astarte Genus Nucula Class Cephalopoda Menke 1828; Family Lingulidae Menke 1828; Genus Lingula Bruguière, 1797; Species Lingula sp. In 1801 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck described L. Life cycle: Eggs develop into free-swimming larvae which later metamorphose into adult. Explore this photo album by shadowshador on Flickr! Aug 24, 2016 · The brachiopod Lingula is locally abundant in the Whitby Formation around Craigleith, Ontario (frequently around the Triarthrus horizon). Please report any problems There are two highly divergent extant classes of brachiopods. Species Name Rank Opinion Evidence Author; Lingula: genus: belongs to Lingulidae: stated with evidence: Raymond, 1911: Lingula: genus: belongs to Lingulida: second hand Dec 10, 2008 · The first descriptions of Lingula were made from then extant specimens by three famous French scientists: Bruguière, Cuvier, and Lamarck. In 1812 the first fossil lingulids were discovered in the Mesozoic and Palaeozoic strata of the U (a) Lingula Terebratulina 90 Morphology and mode of life of brachiopods. 2 Brachiopods vs. It Aug 30, 2013 · The phylum Brachiopoda is a minor phylum, widely known as "living fossils", and several studies reported the existence of this phylum from middle to Upper Jurassic (Alberti et al. Lingula facts. any one of numerous species of brachiopod shells belonging to the genus Lingula, and Today, this small group of bivalves includes the living genus Lingula, but during the Paleozoic Era, this group was very common in the world's oceans. 2 Class Articulata. Overview With very few living representatives, brachiopod classification has primarily come Lingula. 2000. 32: 2002 Lingula Sepkoski: 2003 Lingula Emig: 2008 Lingula Peng and Shi p. Hingga saat ini diketahui memiliki sekitar 300 spesies dari Brachiopoda. Pagina prima; Novissima; Pagina fortuita; Categoriae; Nuper mutata It is primarily an Indo-Pacific genus that is harvested for human consumption in Japan and Australia. Lingula uses its pedicle to move up and down in the vertical burrow in which it lives. The geographie and stratigraphie distribution of Lingula waikatoensis Penseler through the Tertiary is deseribed, and the signifieanee of the genus as an indicator of paleoshorelines and paleodimate is diseussed. Littoral zone from the French West Indies to the eastern coast of Virginia Searching for the etymology of the genus name Lingula, I discovered that several Bruguière's publications have been issue at different years, but the first is the best: 1791. The mantle edges and setae are supplied with tactile receptors. George Shaw describe Mytilus rostrum in 1798, but this species was later assigned to Lingula. 2. Système des animaux sans vertèbres, ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux. , Hammond and Poiner, 1984; but see Emig, 2003 for a different view). Species Lingula adamsi. , An example of a living monotreme mammal is a(n), The secret of fossilization of soft tissue is and more. anatina pic Lingula is the best-known inarticulate brachiopod alive today. Shell shape is May 4, 2012 · The genus Glottidia differs from the genus Lingula by the presence of septa in the internal valve faces and papillae in the mantle and by the baculation of its shell, absent in Lingula, but present in Discinisca (Iwata 1981, 1982) and also found in shells of Early Palaeozoic linguliform brachiopods (Holmer 1989). It includes a section that indicates the systematic placement of the taxon described within the tree of life, and lists the key marine representative illustrated in the chapter (usually to genus or family level). g. Lingula or forms very close in appearance have existed possibly since the Cambrian . Lingula anatina is a brachiopod species in the genus Lingula. Animalia: information (1) Animalia: pictures (22861) Animalia: specimens (7109) Genus Lingula. Introduction iopod, genus Lingula (lamp shell) belongs to family Lingulidae and phylum Brachiopoda, which is widely distributed in the Pacific and Indian, Atlantic oceans near the west coast of Africa [1]. Lingula or forms very close in appearance have existed possibly since the Cambrian. anatina, which was then studied by Cuvier (1802). Feb 7, 2006 · They are important to geologists in establishing stratigraphic sequences useful in oil exploration and in determining shorelines and depths of ancient seas. Triassic records of the genus Lingula (Brachiopoda: Inarticulata) in New Zealand. Lingula lives in burrows in barren sandy coastal seafloor and f The basic body plan of brachiopods consists of a visceral mass with organs, a mantle that secretes the shell, the pedicle, and the lophophore. The living genus Lingula differs little from a Cambrian fossil relative more than 510 million years old. Like its relatives, it has two unadorned organophosphatic valves and a long fleshy stalk. Oct 7, 2024 · Some brachiopods, like Lingula anatina, also possess statocysts as balancing organs. Chapter contents: 1. Basiliola beecheri Lingulid brachiopods, such as Lingula anatina, are regarded as one of the most primitive of brachiopods. 4(3-4): 337-367. 1 Brachiopod Classification ← –– 1. Its thin, delicate chitinophosphatic shell has a very low taphonomic potential because of a rapid degradation of the organic matrix after death and a subsequent disintegration of the shell [11] , [12] . By Christian C. , and are referred to 'Lingula' below (Thble 2). Noun [edit] tongue-shell (plural tongue-shells) Any species of the brachipod genus Lingula, or similar species. Published by the author and Deterville, Paris. Well-developed hinges with teeth and sockets hold their calcite shells together. Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Cnidaria, Class: Anthozoa, Order: Tabulata, Family: Favositidae, Genus: Favosites Time: Late Ordovocian to Late Permian periods, 488-251 mya; commonly found in Silurian limestone Mode of Life: They were colonial. Jenis ini ditemukan pada batuan Lower Cambrian dengan kisaran umur 550 juta tahun yang lalu Taxonomie du genre Lingula (Brachiopodes, Inarticulés). Eggs are shed into the water and fertilized at the time of spawning. The genus Lingula was created in 1791 (not 1797) by BRUGUIÈRE and in 1801 LAMARCK named the first species L. Emig. They burrow in the sand of their brackish intertidal habitat. Oct 1, 2022 · Lingula, the type genus of the family, has been famous since Darwin (1859) noted that it showed little morphological change since the Silurian. Its different size on dorsal and ventral valve Lingula (Figure 2. anatina is recognized as type species of genus Lingula, it was originally described as Patella unguis Linnaeus (1758) who confused two different animals (a Mollusk and Brachiopod, with Patella unguis now recognized as a Gastropod Mollusk). Identification Numbers. 1. The pedicle is used to attach the animal to the seafloor during all or part of the postlarval stage of life. Genus Lingula hanya hidup pada daerah tropis/hangat dengan kedalaman maksimal 40 meter. The last specific revision of the Ponta Grossa Formation lingulids was performed by Bosetti (1989), who retained the traditional taxonomy and used the genus name Lingula. Kingdom Animalia animals. In the Trésor de la Langue Française Informatisé (CNRS), the word "lingule" in French or Lingula in Latin is attributed to Bruguière (1791). anatina, which was then studied by CUVIER (1802). 99 figs. note: Redescription of genus and updated descriptions and distributional information for all species. Lingula is known as "moule-à-queue" (tailed mussel) in New Caledonia, "bec de cane" (duck bill) along some coasts in the Indian Ocean, and "shamisen-gai" in Japan (for its likeness to the shamisen, a Japanese lute). net dictionary. Kehadiran rekaman kehidupannya sangat terkait dengan proses Bioconose dan Thanathoconose. (Lee and Campbell 1987) (see Figure 2). shk kmktc laiw wnklw amyda fdk nlqw vttpx fhpye bhngw yhvtn qlliwy upjdndd svt kbfuyhe